Arm Holdings plc (ARM) — Company Research

Last Updated: 12 May 2026

Arm Holdings plc is the world's dominant CPU architecture licensor, whose instruction set architecture (ISA) underpins virtually every smartphone chip on earth and is expanding rapidly into AI data centres, edge devices, automotive, and the internet of things. Arm does not manufacture chips — it designs CPU, GPU, and NPU architectures that it licences to semiconductor companies, collecting royalties on every chip shipped globally. On 6 May 2026, Arm reported full-year FY2026 results (fiscal year ended 31 March 2026) with record revenue of $4.92bn, up 23% year-on-year, and simultaneously launched its first in-house ARM AGI CPU targeting data centre AI inference workloads. FY2027 Q1 guidance is $1.26bn (±$50M) revenue and non-GAAP EPS of $0.40 (±$0.04). The company has set a long-term target of $15bn in chip revenue by 2031 with EPS exceeding $9.00.

1. Company Snapshot

Field	Value
Full name	Arm Holdings plc
Ticker	ARM (NASDAQ) — traded as American Depositary Shares (ADS)
Sector / Industry	Technology / Semiconductor IP Licensing
Founded / HQ	1990 / Cambridge, UK (incorporated in UK; NASDAQ-listed)
CEO	Rene Haas (CEO since February 2022)
Market cap (May 2026)	~$240bn
Revenue (FY2026, ended Mar 2026)	$4.92bn
Non-GAAP EPS (FY2026)	$1.77
Employees (approx.)	~7,600
Key exchanges	NASDAQ (ARM)
Website	investors.arm.com

Note: Arm's fiscal year ends 31 March. FY2026 = 1 April 2025 to 31 March 2026. SoftBank Group owns approximately 90% of Arm's ordinary shares; the public float is approximately 10%. Per-share data is presented on an ADS basis (1 ADS = 1 ordinary share). Arm does not pay dividends.

2. Bull Case vs Bear Case

Distilled from the full report below — factual only, no ratings.

Bull Case

• AI data centre royalty acceleration: Data centre royalties more than doubled year-on-year in FY2026, as AWS Graviton, Microsoft Cobalt, Google Axion, Apple M-series, and NVIDIA Grace CPUs ship in growing volumes. The shift to custom silicon for cloud workloads disproportionately favours ARM architecture over x86.
• Architecture upgrade cycle — ARMv9 royalty uplift: ARM v9 architecture commands royalty rates approximately 2× the rates of v9's predecessor (v8). As the industry refreshes to v9-based chips (Qualcomm Oryon, Apple A18, NVIDIA Grace Hopper 2), the blended royalty rate Arm earns per chip shipped rises structurally, even without unit volume growth.
• $15bn by 2031 target grounded in contracted pipeline: At the Q4 FY2026 earnings call on 6 May 2026, management outlined a $15bn chip revenue target by FY2031 with >$9 EPS, and disclosed a $2bn near-term AGI CPU demand pipeline. The near-6× revenue growth target over 5 years (from $4.92bn) is driven by data centre market penetration, automotive silicon growth, and the ARMv9 royalty uplift.
• Near-monopoly in mobile — virtually unassailable: ARM architecture powers >99% of all smartphone application processors. Apple, Qualcomm, Samsung, and MediaTek all license ARM. This installed base generates highly predictable royalty income from 1.4bn+ new smartphones shipped annually.
• Asset-light, 98% gross margins: Arm's non-GAAP gross margin reached 98% in Q4 FY2026. The business requires minimal capital investment — no fabs, no inventory, no manufacturing — while earning royalties on every ARM chip shipped by any licencee worldwide. FCF conversion is extremely high.

Bear Case

• SoftBank float risk (Concentration): SoftBank Group owns ~90% of Arm and has not sold any shares since the IPO. If SoftBank sells a significant secondary stake — either to fund its own balance sheet needs or as part of a strategic exit — the market absorption could depress the stock materially. SoftBank's own financial position is relevant to this risk.
• RISC-V competitive threat (Technology): RISC-V is an open-source, royalty-free CPU instruction set architecture backed by Google, Meta, NVIDIA, and leading semiconductor companies. While RISC-V adoption remains limited today, its royalty-free model poses a structural long-term challenge to ARM's licensing model, particularly in IoT, edge, and custom chip segments.
• Customer litigation risk — Qualcomm precedent (Legal): Arm and Qualcomm settled a licensing dispute in early 2024 over whether Qualcomm's Nuvia-derived custom CPUs required a new ARM licence. While settled, this dispute illustrated that ARM's ability to enforce and expand its licensing terms with major customers is contested, and future disputes could arise.
• Valuation premium to fundamentals (Financial): At non-GAAP forward P/E of ~121× and GAAP P/E of ~250×+, Arm is priced for near-perfect execution of its long-term growth plan. Any miss on royalty growth, data centre penetration, or the $15bn FY2031 target could cause a significant re-rating.
• Soft Q1 FY2027 guidance (Operational): Q1 FY2027 guidance of $1.26bn (±$50M) is below Q4 FY2026's record $1.49bn, reflecting seasonal patterns and the lumpiness of licensing revenue. This guidance disappointed some investors in after-hours trading on 6 May 2026, illustrating sensitivity to any step-down from record quarters.

3. What Does This Company Actually Do?

Arm is a semiconductor intellectual property (IP) licensing company. It designs CPU (central processing unit), GPU (Mali graphics), and NPU (Ethos neural processing unit) architectures, and licences them to semiconductor companies who then design their own chips incorporating these architectures. Arm does not manufacture chips itself.

The business works on two revenue streams. Licensing revenue is earned when a semiconductor company or OEM signs a licence agreement granting the right to use ARM's architecture in their chip designs. Licence fees can be one-time upfront payments or structured over a multi-year Architecture Licence Agreement (ALA). Royalty revenue is earned on every chip sold that contains ARM IP — typically a small percentage of the chip's selling price, or a fixed per-unit fee. Royalties are inherently recurring and grow as ARM-based chip volumes increase globally.

ARM architecture powers virtually all smartphones (Apple A-series, Qualcomm Snapdragon, Samsung Exynos, MediaTek Dimensity, Google Tensor), the majority of modern data centre CPUs for AI and cloud workloads (AWS Graviton, Microsoft Azure Cobalt, Google Axion, Apple M-series, NVIDIA Grace, Ampere Altra), automotive chips, IoT devices, and embedded controllers.

Segment	% of revenue	What it is
Royalties	~53% ($2.61bn in FY2026)	Per-chip royalties on every ARM-based processor shipped globally. Covers smartphones, data centre CPUs, automotive, IoT, and embedded. Data centre royalties more than doubled in FY2026. Royalty revenue grew 21% in FY2026. Higher royalty rates from ARMv9 adoption are structurally lifting the blended per-chip rate.
Licensing	~47% ($2.31bn in FY2026)	Upfront or multi-year fees for Architecture Licence Agreements (ALAs), Technology Licence Agreements (TLAs), and Subscription Programmes. Revenue can be lumpy quarter-to-quarter depending on when large licence agreements are signed. Q4 FY2026 licensing hit a record $819M. Grew 25% full-year FY2026.

4. The Business Model

How Arm makes money. Arm earns licensing fees upfront from chip designers who want access to ARM CPU architectures, and then collects royalties on every chip that ships using that IP — in perpetuity, across the chip's production lifecycle. Because ARM architecture is so dominant in mobile, a large baseline royalty stream flows from the 1.4bn+ new smartphones shipped each year. The data centre and AI segment is the high-growth incremental layer: every custom cloud CPU designed on ARM architecture (Graviton, Cobalt, Axion, Grace) adds to the royalty base as those chips ship in volume.

Unit economics. Arm's non-GAAP gross margin reached 98% in Q4 FY2026 — among the highest of any company in any industry. This reflects the pure IP nature of the business: the cost of delivering a licence is effectively zero incremental cost once the architecture is designed. Non-GAAP operating margin was 49% in Q4 FY2026. GAAP margins are materially lower due to significant stock-based compensation charges (Arm grants equity extensively to retain engineering talent) and amortisation of intangible assets. FCF conversion from non-GAAP earnings is very high as capex requirements are minimal.

Moat. Arm's competitive advantages are some of the deepest in technology: (1) ecosystem lock-in — billions of dollars of software, toolchains, compilers, operating systems (iOS, Android, Linux) are written for ARM, creating extraordinary switching costs for any customer considering an alternative architecture; (2) regulatory and standards embedding — ARM is referenced in numerous industry standards for automotive (ISO 26262) and IoT (Matter protocol); (3) co-design relationships — hyperscalers that have invested years of engineering time designing custom ARM CPUs (Graviton, Cobalt, Axion) are not going to abandon that investment; (4) two-sided network effect — more chip designers using ARM attracts more software developers to the ecosystem, which attracts more chip designers.

ARMv9 architecture royalty uplift. ARM v9, released in 2021, is the current leading architecture generation. Chipmakers pay approximately 2× the royalty per chip for v9 versus v8 designs. As the industry migrates from v8 to v9-based chips — a process that takes 3–5 years across the installed base — Arm's blended royalty rate per chip shipped rises structurally, independently of volume growth. The v9 transition was well underway in FY2026 with major mobile and data centre chips now at v9.

Subsidy and regulatory credit dependency. Arm receives no material government subsidies and is not dependent on regulatory credits. However, as a UK-incorporated, NASDAQ-listed company with a Japanese majority shareholder (SoftBank) and operations spanning the US, UK, China, and Korea, Arm is subject to complex cross-border IP licensing regulations and US export controls on advanced semiconductor technology. Arm's China business — conducted through Arm China (partly owned by Arm) — operates under a separate management structure and is subject to China-specific regulatory risk.

5. Financial Health

All figures sourced from Arm's official earnings press releases at newsroom.arm.com and investors.arm.com. Arm's fiscal year ends 31 March. Per-share figures are on an ADS (one share = one ADS) basis.

Note: Arm does not pay dividends. GAAP EPS is materially suppressed relative to non-GAAP EPS by large stock-based compensation charges and, to a lesser extent, amortisation of acquired intangibles. Arm management uses non-GAAP metrics as the primary measure of operating performance. For FY2022 and FY2023, Arm was a wholly-owned SoftBank subsidiary and EPS data was not publicly disclosed; figures are provided from the IPO prospectus and subsequent filings.

Fiscal year	Revenue	YoY %	Non-GAAP EPS (diluted)	GAAP EPS (approx.)	Dividend/share	Long-term debt (YE)
FY2022 (ended Mar 2022)	~$2.70bn	—	—	— (pre-IPO)	—	minimal
FY2023 (ended Mar 2023)	~$2.68bn	−1%	—	— (pre-IPO)	—	minimal
FY2024 (ended Mar 2024)	$3.23bn	+21%	~$0.82	~$0.11	—	minimal
FY2025 (ended Mar 2025)	$4.01bn	+24%	~$1.44	~$0.75	—	minimal
FY2026 (ended Mar 2026)	$4.92bn	+23%	$1.77	~$0.87 (est.)	—	minimal

Note: Arm has no material long-term debt. The company holds net cash. FY2022 and FY2023 non-GAAP EPS data was not publicly disclosed as Arm was a SoftBank subsidiary pre-IPO (September 2023). FY2024 GAAP EPS was very low (~$0.11) due to large one-time charges related to the IPO and stock-based compensation. FY2025 and FY2026 GAAP EPS improved as IPO-related charges normalised. Non-GAAP EPS adds back SBC and amortisation, which together total approximately $1bn+ per year.

Quarterly revenue (FY2026, most recent first):

Quarter	Revenue	YoY %	Non-GAAP EPS (diluted)
Q4 FY2026 (Jan–Mar 2026)	$1.49bn	+20%	$0.60
Q3 FY2026 (Oct–Dec 2025)	$1.24bn	+26%	~$0.46
Q2 FY2026 (Jul–Sep 2025)	$1.14bn	+34%	~$0.38
Q1 FY2026 (Apr–Jun 2025)	~$1.05bn	~+17%	~$0.33
FY2026 Total	$4.92bn	+23%	$1.77

Note: Q1 and Q2 non-GAAP EPS are estimates calculated from the confirmed FY2026 full-year total. Q4 FY2026 non-GAAP EPS of $0.60 is confirmed from the earnings press release. Q1 FY2027 guidance: revenue $1.26bn (±$50M), non-GAAP EPS $0.40 (±$0.04). The sequential decline from Q4 FY2026 reflects seasonal licensing patterns — Q4 historically includes large licence signings.

Cash position (FY2026): Arm has no material long-term debt. The company holds a net cash position, funded by strong operating cash flows. Non-GAAP gross margin of 98% means virtually all revenue above operating costs converts to cash. Capital expenditure requirements are minimal given the IP-only business model.

6. Valuation & Market Data

Raw metrics, May 2026. Not opinions on whether the stock is cheap or expensive.

Metric	Value
Share price (12 May 2026)	~$226 (post Q4 FY2026 earnings of 6 May 2026)
Market cap	~$237–252bn (range across sources, mid-May 2026)
Enterprise value	~$235bn (net cash company; EV slightly below market cap)
Trailing P/E (GAAP)	~250–311× (GAAP EPS ~$0.87; heavily inflated by SBC)
P/E (forward)	~121× (based on FY2027 non-GAAP EPS estimates ~$1.86)
P/S (TTM)	~48× (FY2026 revenue $4.92bn)
EV/EBITDA (TTM)	~High (non-GAAP operating income $1.94bn; non-GAAP EV/EBIT ~121×)
P/FCF	—
52-week high	$239.50
52-week low	$100.02
Short interest (% of float)	~11.46% of float (note: float is only ~10% of total shares due to SoftBank ~90% ownership)
Short interest (absolute shares)	~15.95M shares
Annual dividend	— (Arm does not pay dividends)

Source: investors.arm.com, MarketBeat, GuruFocus, Capital.com. Data as of May 2026. The high short interest as a percentage of float (11.46%) is a function of the tiny float — absolute short shares of ~15.95M are modest, but relative to the ~10% of shares that trade publicly, the short position is significant. ARM stock more than doubled from its 52-week low of $100.02 to a peak near its 52-week high of $239.50. The Q4 FY2026 earnings beat of 6 May 2026 was followed by a modest sell-off in after-hours trading on the softer Q1 FY2027 guidance relative to Q4's record level.

7. What Are They Building / What's Coming?

ARM AGI CPU — first in-house chip, launched May 2026: At the Q4 FY2026 results on 6 May 2026, Arm unveiled the ARM AGI CPU, the company's first internally designed chip targeting AI inference workloads in data centres. This is a strategic departure from Arm's pure IP licensing model — rather than licencing architecture for others to build chips, Arm is now also designing complete chips that it will licence to system builders. Management disclosed a $2bn near-term demand pipeline for the ARM AGI CPU. This move positions Arm to capture a larger share of the AI data centre silicon stack beyond purely the architecture royalty.

$15bn revenue target by FY2031 (>$9 EPS): At the Q4 FY2026 investor presentation, Arm laid out a detailed roadmap to $15bn in chip revenue by FY2031, representing approximately a 3× increase from FY2026's $4.92bn. The pathway includes: (1) continued data centre penetration as ARM-based cloud CPUs displace x86; (2) automotive silicon growth as new vehicles integrate ARM-based chips for ADAS and in-vehicle compute; (3) ARMv9 royalty uplift across the mobile base; (4) the ARM AGI CPU commercial ramp. CEO Rene Haas stated the targets are grounded in contracted and near-contracted customer commitments.

Data centre CPU — the transformational growth driver: ARM-based data centre CPUs from AWS (Graviton 4), Microsoft Azure (Cobalt 100), Google Cloud (Axion), and NVIDIA (Grace Hopper Superchip) represent the primary royalty growth driver for FY2027 onwards. Data centre royalties more than doubled in FY2026. Each new generation of these custom cloud CPUs ships in greater volume and commands higher royalties as hyperscalers upgrade their server fleets. ARM's architecture is also used in NVIDIA's Grace CPU, making it present in AI supercomputer installations alongside NVIDIA H100/B200 GPUs.

Automotive architecture (ADAS and in-vehicle compute): Arm is expanding its Automotive Enhanced (AE) architecture specifically for functional-safety-critical automotive applications, targeting ADAS chips and central vehicle compute units. The automotive silicon market is expected to grow significantly as vehicles become more software-defined, and ARM architectures are increasingly specified by automotive OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers.

CSS (Compute SubSystems) — increasing value capture: Rather than just licensing the CPU core, Arm is licencing complete compute subsystems (CSS) that include the CPU core, interconnect, memory interface, and system software. CSS licences are more expensive than core licences and accelerate customers' design cycles — generating higher upfront fees while giving Arm a deeper footprint in each customer's silicon.

8. Competitive Landscape

Peer	Market cap	Notable capex plan or KPI
Intel (INTC) — x86	~$90bn	IFS foundry programme; Meteor Lake, Arrow Lake CPUs for client; Xeon for server
AMD (AMD) — x86	~$180bn	EPYC Turin server CPUs; AI GPU (MI300X); data centre growth
RISC-V ecosystem	N/A (open source)	SiFive, Ventana, Esperanto; backed by Google, Meta, NVIDIA
Qualcomm (QCOM)	~$145bn	Snapdragon X Elite PC; custom ARM CPUs (Oryon); AI on-device

Arm's near-monopoly in smartphone CPUs (>99% share) is effectively uncontested. The data centre market is the high-growth battleground where ARM is gaining share from x86 at hyperscalers. RISC-V is the only architecture-level existential threat, but its ecosystem is currently far behind ARM's in software tooling, security certifications, and commercial support — a gap that will take many years to close.

9. Leadership and Ownership

Rene Haas — President and CEO: Haas joined Arm in 2013 from NVIDIA, where he spent 12 years in various roles including VP of Computing Products. He became CEO in February 2022, replacing Simon Segars. Under Haas, Arm refocused its strategy around high-value architecture licences, executed the 2023 NASDAQ IPO, and pivoted to the AI data centre opportunity as the core growth narrative. He also initiated the ARM AGI CPU programme, marking the first venture into complete chip design.

Ownership structure: SoftBank Group Corp. owns approximately 90% of Arm's ordinary shares. The public float is approximately 10%. This highly concentrated ownership means SoftBank's financial condition and strategic priorities directly influence Arm's corporate decisions. SoftBank has made no material secondary share sales since the IPO. SoftBank's founder Masayoshi Son sits on the Arm board.

Arm China: Arm's China business is operated through Arm Technology (China) Co., Ltd. (Arm China), in which Arm holds approximately 47.3% ownership. The remainder is held by Chinese private equity and strategic investors. Arm China is separately managed and operates under its own CEO, following a highly publicised management dispute in 2020–2021 that was resolved. Arm China's financial results are not consolidated into Arm Holdings' revenue.

Insider transactions:

Name	Date	Type	Shares	Price	Value	Plan type
Data not available: Arm's insider transaction data for 2025–2026 was not available in public filings reviewed at the time of writing. SoftBank's 90% stake means public insider trading filings relate primarily to executive equity awards rather than material share purchases. See SEC EDGAR Form 4 filings for Arm Holdings plc (CIK 0001816736) for the most current data.

10. Risks and Challenges

• SoftBank overhang (Concentration): SoftBank's ~90% ownership creates a permanent potential share supply overhang. If SoftBank faces financial stress and sells a large block, or if it distributes ARM shares to its own shareholders, the resulting dilution of the public float could weigh heavily on the share price. SoftBank is known to use its portfolio companies as collateral for margin loans.
• RISC-V architectural threat (Technology): RISC-V is an open-source, royalty-free CPU ISA that allows chip designers to build processors without paying ARM licences. Backed by Google, Meta, NVIDIA, Western Digital, and others, RISC-V adoption in embedded and IoT has been growing. While not yet competitive in smartphones or hyperscale data centre CPUs, the long-term trajectory of RISC-V adoption is a fundamental risk to ARM's royalty model.
• Customer concentration risk (Concentration): Apple is a significant contributor to ARM royalties via its proprietary A-series and M-series chips, all of which are ARM-based. Apple's smartphone and Mac volumes directly drive ARM royalty revenue. Any shift in Apple chip strategy (e.g. exploring RISC-V for future products) would impact ARM materially.
• China regulatory and geopolitical risk (Regulatory): Arm China's complex ownership structure and the broader US-China technology restrictions create risk for ARM's China royalty stream. If US export controls are tightened to restrict ARM architecture licences for Chinese chip companies, this could impair the royalty income from Chinese smartphone chip manufacturers (MediaTek, HiSilicon/Huawei).
• Arm China governance risk (Operational): Arm's 47.3% stake in Arm China and its separate management structure means ARM Holdings has limited operational control over the China business. Prior management disputes demonstrated the risk of governance breakdown in this structure.
• Valuation re-rating risk (Financial): At 250×+ GAAP P/E and 121× forward non-GAAP P/E, ARM is priced for sustained high growth. If data centre royalty growth slows, v9 adoption disappoints, or the ARM AGI CPU does not achieve commercial traction, the multiple could compress sharply.
• AGI CPU execution risk (Operational): The ARM AGI CPU is the company's first internally designed complete chip product. Chip design and productisation is a complex engineering and manufacturing challenge distinct from ARM's core IP licensing business. Execution risk in bringing a new chip to volume production should not be underestimated.
• Qualcomm and future licensing disputes (Legal): The 2024 Qualcomm licensing dispute — settled in early 2024 — showed that ARM's largest customers may push back on licence terms, particularly as they invest in custom ARM-compatible CPU cores. Future disputes with major licencees could disrupt royalty revenue and involve costly litigation.

11. Recent Developments

• 6 May 2026 — Q4 FY2026 results and ARM AGI CPU launch: — Arm reported record Q4 FY2026 revenue of $1.49bn (+20% YoY), record licensing revenue of $819M (+29%), and royalties of $671M (+11%), with data centre royalties more than doubling. Full-year FY2026 revenue $4.92bn (+23%). Non-GAAP EPS $1.77 full year ($0.60 Q4). The company simultaneously launched the ARM AGI CPU — its first in-house designed chip — targeting data centre AI inference, and disclosed a $2bn near-term demand pipeline for the product. Long-term targets of $15bn chip revenue and >$9 EPS by FY2031 were presented. Q1 FY2027 guidance of $1.26bn disappointed in after-hours trading, as it implies a sequential step-down from Q4's record.
• 12 May 2026 — today: — ARM shares trading around $226, near the 52-week high of $239.50 but off the immediate post-earnings high, reflecting investor focus on the Q1 FY2027 guidance sequential step-down and the execution risk around the new AGI CPU programme.
• Early 2026 — data centre royalty ramp: — Throughout FY2026, each quarterly earnings call confirmed accelerating data centre royalty growth, with the Q4 confirmation that data centre royalties more than doubled year-on-year being the strongest signal yet. AWS Graviton 4, Google Axion, and Microsoft Azure Cobalt 100 — all ARM-based — began meaningful volume shipments during FY2026.
• FY2025 (ended March 2025) — four consecutive billion-dollar quarters: — From Q4 FY2025 through Q3 FY2026, Arm reported four consecutive quarters exceeding $1bn in revenue, establishing a structural milestone in the company's trajectory. FY2025 full-year revenue was $4.01bn (+24% YoY).
• September 2023 — NASDAQ IPO: — Arm completed its IPO in September 2023 at $51/share, raising approximately $4.87bn in the largest tech IPO since 2021. SoftBank retained approximately 90% of shares. The stock more than quadrupled from the IPO price to its 2026 highs, reflecting strong AI-driven demand for ARM architecture.

12. Key Dates Coming Up

• 29 July 2026 — Q1 FY2027 earnings release (fiscal year ends March 31) — confirm at investors.arm.com
• 4 November 2026 — Q2 FY2027 earnings release (tentative)
• No dividend — Arm Holdings does not currently pay a cash dividend

• Jul 2026 (approx.) — Q1 FY2027 earnings release. Guidance is for $1.26bn (±$50M) revenue and non-GAAP EPS of $0.40 (±$0.04). This will be the first quarter to show whether the ARM AGI CPU demand pipeline is converting to signed agreements.
• Oct 2026 (approx.) — Q2 FY2027 earnings. The Q2 period (July–September) is historically stronger for ARM due to chip design cycle timing, with major customers finalising autumn product launches.
• TBC FY2027 — ARM AGI CPU commercial ramp. Management disclosed a $2bn demand pipeline at the Q4 FY2026 call. The timeline to volume shipments and the licence/royalty revenue recognition profile for this new product will be a key focus for investors throughout FY2027.
• TBC 2026–2027 — US–China chip export control review. Any changes to US restrictions on exporting advanced semiconductor IP to China could directly affect ARM's licencing relationships with Chinese chip companies.

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